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The Munsell and Ostwald color order systems represent some of the earliest
attempts at systematically organizing color percepts into a space
[Rogers 1985][Wyszecki \& Stiles 1982][Meyer \& Greenberg 1980][Boynton 1979][Birren 1969b][Birren 1969a][Munsell 1946].
Both are defined as comparative references for artists and others to use,
in a fairly impressionistic way (based on subjective observation rather
than on direct measurements or controlled perceptual experiments). As such,
they are still in use today, especially the Munsell color order system. The
Munsell system has been and continues to some extent to be used as a
standard in industry, notwithstanding attempts to introduce colorimetric
models to replace it. The Munsell system was also used in [Berlin \& Kay 1969], as
described in Section . Both the Munsell and Ostwald systems are
based on reflective (subtractive) color samples. Although quantitative
transforms to other color spaces have been defined, they are not typically
used in computer vision and computer graphics work, which deals with
additive color. The general shape of both systems (using cylindrical
coordinates, with three dimensions corresponding roughly to the perceptual
variables brightness (vertical), hue (angular displacement from a reference
color), and saturation (distance from the central axis)) is preserved in
many color models, including the ones more quantitative in nature.